From Phoenician temples to Crusader castles, heritage sites bear the brunt of Israel\u2019s expanding military offensive
\nNabatieh
\nLebanon\u2019s landscape is layered with thousands of years of history, but many of its most treasured archaeological and cultural sites now lie in the path of Israel\u2019s expanding military offensive.
\nDespite a so-called ceasefire, on Saturday, Israeli forces captured Beaufort Castle, a 900-year-old fortress located on a rocky hilltop near the city of Nabatieh, one of the largest cities in southern Lebanon.
\nThe capture followed days of fierce fighting and forms part of Israel\u2019s deepest military incursion into Lebanon in 26 years. Israeli troops have crossed north of the Litani River and advanced towards the Zahrani River.<\/p>\n
Lebanon\u2019s World Heritage Sites
\nLebanon currently has six UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
\nUNESCO World Heritage Sites are landmarks or areas judged to have exceptional cultural or natural importance to humanity and are designated for international protection and preservation.
\nLebanon\u2019s Culture Minister Ghassan Salame told the AFP news agency that Israeli attacks on the country\u2019s south are putting heritage sites, including in the ancient city of Tyre, in \u201cserious danger\u201d.
\nTyre, located some 83km (52 miles) south of Beirut, contains the remains of one of the most important cities of the ancient Phoenician world, including extensive Roman-era ruins and one of the largest hippodromes of the Roman Empire.
\nIsraeli forced displacement orders and bombardments have pushed tens of thousands of people to flee Tyre, with some estimates putting displacement from the city and surrounding area at about 200,000. Across Lebanon, the wider war has uprooted more than one million people.
\nDated to the third millennium BC, Tyre grew into one of the Mediterranean\u2019s leading maritime powers. After Alexander the Great\u2019s siege in 332 BC linked the island city to the mainland, Tyre flourished under Greek, Roman and Byzantine rule before gradually declining in the centuries after the Crusades.
\n\u201cBombings fell very close to the ruins of Tyre,\u201d Minister Salame said, adding that the medieval Beaufort Castle overlooking Nabatieh was \u201cdirectly hit\u201d.<\/p>\n
UNESCO enhanced protection
\nLebanon is home to at least 39 cultural sites that have been granted provisional enhanced protection. Several of them are in the south, in areas affected by the ongoing Israeli military operations.
\nThe designation provides the highest level of legal protection for cultural heritage under international law, with any noncompliance constituting a serious breach of the 1954 Hague Convention and its 1999 Second Protocol and potentially giving rise to criminal responsibility.
\nIn a news release on April 1, Lazare Eloundou Assomo, the assistant director-general for culture at UNESCO, emphasised the protection of cultural heritage and how it serves as a backbone of people\u2019s identity.
\n\u201cWhen heritage is destroyed anywhere, moral standards are undermined, social cohesion is eroded, and trust and resilience are jeopardised,\u201d he stated.
\nSome of the most notable protected sites include:<\/p>\n
Beaufort Castle
\nKnown in Arabic as Qalaat al-Shaqif, the 12th-century Crusader fortress is perched 700 metres (2,300ft) above southern Lebanon. Overlooking the Litani River, its commanding position made it one of the region\u2019s most strategic strongholds.
\nControl of the castle passed from the Crusaders to successive regional powers, including the Ottomans. Palestinian fighters later used it as a base before Israel captured it during its 1982 invasion and occupied it until it withdrew from southern Lebanon in 2000.
\nThere are four other medieval castles in the Mount Amel region reflecting centuries of Crusader, Ayyubid, Mamluk and local influence, documenting the evolution of military architecture in southern Lebanon.
\nQalaat Tibnin (Toron), Qalaat Chakra (Dubieh), Qalaat Deir Kifa (Maron) and Qalaat Chamaa began as Crusader strongholds in the 12th century and were repeatedly rebuilt and reused over the centuries.
\nThe sites preserve archaeological layers spanning from the Roman era and earlier, with evidence of Bronze Age settlement at Tibnin and Chamaa.<\/p>\n
Temple of Eshmun
\nThe Eshmun sanctuary near Sidon spans 3.6 hectares (almost 9 acres) on the banks of the Awali River. Dedicated to the Phoenician healing god Eshmun, it is one of the region\u2019s most important healing sites.<\/p>\n
Historic Centre of Saida (Sidon)
\nAbout 40km (25 miles) south of Beirut, Sidon grew into one of Phoenicia\u2019s leading ports, building its wealth on Mediterranean trade, purple dye, glassmaking and metalwork. Its historic core includes an ancient tell, a fishing harbour, as well as sea and land castles.
\nThe Historic Centre of Saida is among the sites granted enhanced protection, a designation that covers both World Heritage properties and sites still under consideration for inscription.<\/p>\n
Chhim Archaeological Site
\nLebanon\u2019s Chouf region preserves the remains of a Roman and Byzantine village, including houses, a temple dedicated to the sun god Helios, and a Byzantine basilica. The site offers a rare glimpse into rural life and worship in late antiquity.<\/p>\n
The Chehabi Citadel
\nThe site overlooks Hasbaiyya in southern Lebanon. Originally a Crusader stronghold, it was taken by the Chehab emirs in the 12th century and later became their seat of power. Parts of the fortress remain occupied by the family today.<\/p>\n
Qabr Hiram (Tomb of Hiram)
\nNear Tyre, it is a monumental stone tomb traditionally associated with Hiram, the Phoenician king of Tyre. Its massive limestone sarcophagus reflects Phoenician burial traditions and the enduring legacy of the ancient kingdom.<\/p>\n
Qana Cave
\nLocated in the hills between Salfit and Qalqilya, it contains archaeological remains dating from the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. Christian tradition holds that Jesus and his disciples prayed there around the time of the wedding at Cana, where he is said to have turned water into wine.<\/p>\n
Shawakeer Archaeological Tell
\nIn the south of Tyre, it preserves evidence of human activity dating back to the Lower Palaeolithic period. Archaeologists also found traces of stone-tool production from the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age I.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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